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Продажа введенного в эксплуатацию объекта недвижимости, права на который не зарегистрированы

09
.
12
.
2024

Общие положения

На основании ч. 2 ст. 1 Закона № 214-ФЗ привлечение денежных средств граждан, связанное с возникающим у граждан правом собственности на помещения в многоквартирных до махи (или) иных объектах недвижимости, которые на момент привлечения таких денежных средств граждан не введены в эксплуатацию, допускается только на основании договора участия в долевом строительстве или жилищно-строительными кооперативами.

Иными словами, Закон № 214-ФЗ ограничивает способы привлечения денежных средств граждан на строительство только таких объектов недвижимости, которые еще не введены в эксплуатацию. Поэтому буквальное толкование указанной нормы позволяет прийти к выводу о том, что после ввода объекта недвижимости в эксплуатацию, по повод у него может быть заключен договор купли-продажи отличный от договора долевого участия вне зависимости от регистрации права собственности на объект.

Судебная практика

Судебная практика также придерживается указанного подхода. В частности, суды указывают, что привлечение денежных средств после ввода объектов в эксплуатацию не может быть направлено на строительство этих объектов:

«Установив, что договор купли-продажи квартиры заключен после введения многоквартирного дома в эксплуатацию, суды пришли к верному выводу об отсутствии оснований для включения требования Партнерства в реестр требований Общества о передаче жилых помещений. <…> Соответственно, оснований полагать, что денежные средства кредитора привлечены для строительства этого дома не имелось»[1].

«Спорные сделки заключены после завершения строительства и введения дома в эксплуатацию, и необходимости в привлечении денежных средств дольщиков не имелось. Подписывая оспариваемые договоры за несколько дней до введения многоквартирного жилого дома в эксплуатацию, средства на строительство которого Застройщиком уже были получены в полном объеме и израсходованы на строительство, ответчики фактически прикрыли другую сделку, а именно куплю-продажу будущей недвижимой вещи»[2].

Таким образом, согласно законодательному регулированию и судебной практике Закон № 214-ФЗ распространяется на отношения, связанные с привлечением денежных средств именно на строительство объектов недвижимости. Ввод объекта в эксплуатацию является подтверждением окончания его строительства, то есть с этого момента считается, что расходы на создание уже понесены и для привлечения средств дольщиков нет оснований.  

На основании п. 2 ст. 455 ГК РФ, а также п. 1 ПП ВАС № 54 к договорам купли-продажи будущей вещи относятся договоры, опосредующие (а) продажу объектов, которые будут созданы в будущем, и (б) объектов, право собственности на которые будет приобретено в будущем.

Учитывая сказанное выше, в первом случае средства граждан могут привлекаться только способами, указанными в п. 2 ст. 1 Закона № 214-ФЗ, в то время как продажа введенных в эксплуатацию объектов недвижимости, право собственности на которые не зарегистрировано, следует осуществлять посредством договоров купли-продажи будущей вещи.  

[1] Постановление Арбитражного суда Волго-Вятского округа от 28.02.2018 № Ф01-124/2018 по делу №А82-11693/2015.

[2] Постановление Арбитражного суда Поволжского округа от 28.03.2017 № Ф06-2617/2015 по делу №А65-14703/2015.

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